Under the Government Decree No. 272/2004 Coll., on unilateral abolition of visa requirements for nationals of Australia, Canada, Sultanate of Brunei, and the USA "holders of valid Canadian passports may enter and temporarily stay in the territory of the Czech Republic without visa for the period of up to 3 months provided that their stay is of non-profit nature".

This means that Canadian citizens holding Canadian passports are not subject to a visa requirement when traveling to the Czech Republic, provided that
(1) the total time of their stay inside the Schengen territory does not exceed three months (90 days) in the course of any six-month period, and
(2) they do not engage in any profitable activity while in the Czech Republic (by profitable activity is meant an activity resulting in or aiming at making profit from the resources in the Czech Republic).

NOTES:
As of February 14, 2014, the short-stay visa-free regime extends to all holders of Canadian diplomatic or official passports travelling to the Czech Republic on official business. These travellers therefore no longer require visas for short-stay (up to 90 days) trips.

Visitors to the Czech Republic must report their place of residence to a local Alien Police office within 3 days of their arrival. If you stay at a hotel during your stay, please inquire with the reception whether the hotel staff fulfills this obligation on your behalf, which is typically the case.
Like all foreigners, Canadian citizens visiting the Czech Republic must submit upon request of the competent authorities documents confirming pre-arranged accommodation, travel medical insurance (a proof of medical insurance in the form of an agreement between the insured and a bank, insurance company, or employer, or a plastic card accompanied by a booklet with terms and conditions; all of these must clearly state /1/ the name of the insured, /2/ length of coverage, /3/ territorial validity and /4/ the minimum coverage of at least 30 000 EUR) and proof of sufficient funds.
Passport validity must extend at least three months after the intended date of departure from the territory of the Czech Republic or, in the case of several visits, after the last intended date of departure from the territory of the Czech Republic. This same rule is applied by all other Schengen Area Member States.